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    (Cl) Chlorine NMR 35Chlorine NMR Properties of 35Cl 37Chlorine NMR Properties of 37Cl Safety note
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(Cl) Chlorine NMR

Use our NMR service that provides Cl NMR and many other NMR techniques.

(Cl) Chlorine has two useful NMR active nuclei 35Cl and 37Cl. Both yield relatively broad signals but have a broad chemical shift range. 35Cl is more sensitive but 37Cl yields slightly higher resolution (fig. 1). In most cases, the extra sensitivity of 35Cl is more important than the extra resolution of 37Cl. Either nucleus can be used to detect and quantify the presence of ionic chlorides. Organic chlorides yield very broad signals of the order of tens of kHz so Cl NMR is of limited to the smallest for organic chlorides.

Fig. 1. Comparison of 35Cl and 37Cl NMR of NaCl solution showing that 37Cl yields slightly sharper signals at the expense of a significant reduction in sensitivity

Comparison of 35Cl and 37Cl spectra

The main use of chlorine NMR is for very small organic and inorganic molecules and the study of chloride binding. Each type of compound has its characterictic chemical shift range (fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Chemical shift ranges for chlorine NMR

Chemical shifts of chlorine

35Chlorine NMR

35Cl NMR is significantly more sensitive than 37Cl NMR and although it yields slightly broader signals it is usually preferred over 37Cl. 35Cl is a spin 3/2 quadrupolar nucleus and its signals become broader with increasing molecular size and asymmetry (fig. 3). 35Cl can be used to study ionic and inorganic chlorides. Organic chlorides yield very broad signals of the order of tens of kHz so 35Cl NMR is of limited to the smallest for organic chlorides.

Fig. 3. 35Cl-NMR spectra showing increasing linewidth with increasing environmental asymmetry

35Cl spectra

Properties of 35Cl

(Click here for explanation)

PropertyValue
Spin3/2
Natural abundance75.78%
Chemical shift range1100 ppm, from -50 to 1050
Frequency ratio (Ξ)9.797909%
Reference compound0.1 M NaCl in D2O
Linewidth of reference11.4 Hz
T1 of reference0.04 s
Receptivity rel. to 1H at natural abundance3.58 × 10-3
Receptivity rel. to 1H when enriched4.72 × 10-3
Receptivity rel. to 13C at natural abundance21.0
Receptivity rel. to 13C when enriched27.7
Linewidth parameter89 fm4

37Chlorine NMR

37Cl NMR yields slightly narrower signals than 35Cl NMR. However, because it is significantly less sensitive 35Cl is usually preferred over it. 37Cl is a spin 3/2 quadrupolar nucleus and its signals become broader with increasing molecular size and asymmetry (fig. 4). 37Cl can be used to study ionic and inorganic chlorides. Organic chlorides yield very broad signals of the order of tens of kHz so 37Cl NMR is of limited to the smallest for organic chlorides.

Fig. 4. 37Cl-NMR spectra showing increasing linewidth with increasing environmental asymmetry

37Cl spectra

Properties of 37Cl

(Click here for explanation)

PropertyValue
Spin3/2
Natural abundance24.22%
Chemical shift range1100 ppm, from -50 to 1050
Frequency ratio (Ξ)8.155725%
Reference compound0.1 M NaCl in D2O
Linewidth of reference7.5 Hz
T1 of reference0.06 s
Receptivity rel. to 1H at natural abundance6.59 × 10-4
Receptivity rel. to 1H when enriched2.72 × 10-3
Receptivity rel. to 13C at natural abundance3.87
Receptivity rel. to 13C when enriched16.0
Linewidth parameter55 fm4

Safety note

Some of the materials mentioned here are very dangerous. Ask a qualified chemist for advice before handling them. Qualified chemists should check the relevant safety literature before handling or giving advice about unfamiliar substances. NMR solvents are toxic and most are flammable. Specifically, chloride is non-toxic under normal conditions, however, other oxidation states of chlorine, and organic chlorides are toxic and may be carcinogens, hydrochloric acid is corrosive and toxic: wear protective gloves and, if volatile, work in a hood.